Valve Stem Seals--Compression Packing
Construction. Compression packing are the sealing elements in stuffing boxes. They consist of a soft material that is stuffed into the stuffing box and compressed by a gland to form a seal around the valve stem.
The packing may have to withstand extremes of temperature, be resistant to aggressive media, display a low friction factor and adequate structural strength, and be impervious to the fluid to be sealed. To meet this wide range of requirement, and at the same time offer economy of use, innumerable types of packing constructions have evolved.
The type of lubricants used for this purpose are oils and greases when water and aqueous solutions are to be sealed, and soaps and insoluble substances when fluids like oil or gasoline are to be sealed. Unfortunately, liquid lubricants tend to migrate under pressure, particularly at higher temperature, causing the packing to shrink and harden. Such packing must, therefore, be retightened from time to time to make up for loss of packing volume. To keep this loss to a minimum, the liquid content of valve stem packing is normally held to 10% of the weight of the packing.
With the advent of PTFE, a solid lubricant became available that can be used in fibrous packing without the addition of a liquid lubricant.
Asbestos is now avoided in packing where possible, replaced by polymer filament yarns, such as PTFE and aramid, and by pure graphite fiber or foil. Other packing materials include vegetable fibers such as cotton, flax, and ramie (frequently lubricated with PTFE), and twisted and folded metal ribbons.
The types of fibrous packing constructions in order of mechanical strength are loose fillm twisted yarn, braid over twisted core, square-plait braid, and interbraid constructions. The covers of the latter three types of packing constructions often contain metal wire within the strands to increace the mechanical strength of the packing for high fluid pressure and high temperature applications.
Sealing action. The sealing action of compression packing is due to their ability to expand laterally against the stem and stuffing box walls when stressed by tightening of the gland.
The stress exerted on the lateral faces of a confined elastic solid by an applied axial stress depends on Poisson’s ratio for the material, as expressed by:
Ơ1=ơa (1-µ/µ)
Where
Ơ1=lateral stress
Ơa=axial stress
µ=Poisson’s ratio
= ratio of lateral expansion to axial compression of an elastic compressed between two faces
Thus, the lateral stress equals the axial stress only if µ=0.5, in which case the material is incompressible in bulk.
A material with a Poisson’s ratio nearly equal to 0.5 is soft rubber, and it is known that soft rubber transmits pressure in much the same way as a liquid. Solid PTFE has Poisson’s ratio of 0.46 at 23℃ (73 ℉) and 0.36 at 100℃ (212℉). A solid PTFE packing is capable of transmitting 85% and 56% of the axial stress to the lateral faces at the respective temperatures. Other packing materials, however, are much more compressible in bulk, so Poisson’s ratio, if it can be defined for these materials, is considerably less than 0.5.
When such packing is compressed in the stuffing box, axial shrinkage of the packing causes friction between itself and the side walls that prevents the transmission of the full gland force to the bottom of the packing. This fall in axial packing pressure is quite rapid, and its theorectical value can be calculated.
The theoretical pressure distribution, however, applies to static conditions only. When the stem is being moved, a pressure distribution takes place so that an analysis on the actual pressure distribution is difficult.
The pressure distribution is also influence by the mode of packing installation. If the packing consists of a square cord, bending of the packing around the stem causes the packing to initially assume the shape if a trapezoid. When compressing the packing, the pressure on the inner periphery will be higher than on the outer periphery.
When the fluid pressure applied to the bottom of the packing begins to exceed the lateral packing pressure, a gap develops between the packing and the lateral faces, allowing the fluid to enter this space. In the case of low-pressure applications, the gland may finally have to be retightened to maintain a fluid seal.
When the fluid pressure is high enough, the sealing action takes place just below the gland, where the fluid pressure attempts to extrude the packing through the gland clearances. At this stage, the sealing action has become automatic.
Reading of the fluid pressure gradient if leakage flow along the stuffing box of rotating shafts, as shown in Figure 2-3,
confirm this function of the stuffing box seal. The pressure gradient at low fluid pressure is more or less uniform, which indicates little influence by the fluid pressure on the sealing action. On the other hand, the reading at high fluid pressure show that 90% of the pressure drop occurs across the packing ring just below the gland. This indicates a dominant influence of the fluid pressure on the sealing action.
In the case of high fluid pressures, therefore, the packing ring just below the gland is the most important one, and must be selected for resistance to extrusion and wear and be carefully installed. Also, extra long stuffing boxes for high-pressure applications do not serve the intended purpose.
If the packing is incompressible in bulk, as in the case of soft rubber, the axial packing pressure introduced by tightening of the gland will produce a uniform lateral packing pressure over the entire length of the packing. Fluid pressure applied to the bottom of the packing increases the lateral packing pressure by the amount of fluid pressure, so the sealing action is automatic once interference between packing and the lateral restraining faces has been established.
Unfortunately, rubber tends to grip the stem and impede its operation unless the inner face of the rubber packing is provided with a slippery surface. For this reason, rubber packing are normally used in the form of O-rings, which because of their size offer only a narrow contact face to the stem.
Corrosion of stainless steel valve stems by packing.
Stainless steel valve stems-in particular those made of AISI type 410 (13Cr) steel-corrode frequently where the face contacts the packing.
The corrosion occours usually during storage preceding service, when the packing is saturated with water from the hydrostatic test.
Corrosion of stainless steel valve stems underlying wet packing is theorized to be the result of the deaerated environment imposed on the steel surface by the restricing packing-an environment that influences the active-passive nature of the metal. Numerous small anodes are created at oxygen-deficient sensitive points of the protective oxide surface film on the stainless steel. These, along with large masses of retained passive metal acting as cathodes, result in galvanic cell action within the metal. Graphite, often contained in the packingm acts as a cathodic material to the active anodic sites on the steel, and appreciably aggravates the attack at the initial corrosion sites on the steel, and appreciably aggravates the attack at the initial corrosion sites through increased galvanic current density.
Because of the corrosion mechanism involved, it is impractical to make an effective non-corrossive packing using so-called non-corrosive ingredients. Incorporating a corrosion inhibitor into the packing is thus required, which will influence the anodic or cathodic reactions to produce a minimum corrosion rate. Of the anodic inhibitors evaluated, only those containing an oxidizing anion, such as sodium nitrite, are efficient, Cathodic protection by sacrificial metals such as zinc, contained in the packing, also provides good corrosion control, Better protection with a minimum effect on compression and serviceability characteristics of the packing is provided by homogeneously dispersed sodium nitrite and a zinc-dust interlayer incorporated into the material.
High chromium-content stainless steels-especially those containing nickel-exhibit a marked increase in resistance to corrosion by inhibited packing, presumably because of the more rapidly protective oxide surface film and better retention of the passivating film.
---http://www.metalsin.com/technical/valve-stem-seals-compression-packing.html


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